LEVOPHANE EXTRA

Paracetamol is a medication used to treat pain and fever. It does appear to selectively inhibit COX activities in the brain, which may contribute to its ability to treat fever and pain.

Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic agent with mainly direct effects on adrenergic receptors. It has predominantly alpha adrenergic activity and is without stimulating effects on the central nervous system. The sympathomimetic effect of phenylephrine produces vasoconstriction which in turn relieves nasal congestion.

Chlorphenamine is a potent antihistamine (H₁-antagonist). Antihistamines diminish or abolish the actions of histamine in the body by competitive reversible blockade of histamine H₁-receptor sites on tissues. Chlorphenamine also has anticholinergic activity.

Noscapine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from plants of the poppy family, without painkilling properties. Noscapine is often used as an antitussive medication. Noscapine can increase the effects of centrally sedating substances such as alcohol and hypnotics. Noscapine, and its synthetic derivatives called noscapinoids, are known to interact with microtubules and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Mechanisms for its antitussive action are unknown, although animal studies have suggested central nervous system as a site of action. Furthermore, noscapine causes apoptosis in many cell types and has potent antitumor activity against solid murine lymphoid tumors (even when the drug was administered orally) and against human breast and bladder tumors implanted in nude mice. Antifibrotic effect of noscapine based on novel mechanism, which it shows through EP2 prostaglandin E2 receptor-mediated activation of protein kinase A.

Caffeine is structurally related to the methylxanthines theophylline and theobromine. Caffeine’s main action is as a CNS stimulant.