Source: European Medicines Agency (EU) Revision Year: 2018 Publisher: Novartis Europharm Limited, Vista Building, Elm Park, Merrion Road, Dublin 4, Ireland
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Ophthalmologicals-antiglaucoma preparations and miotics-prostaglandin analogues
ATC code: S01EE04
Travoprost, a prostaglandin F2α analogue, is a highly selective full agonist which has a high affinity for the prostaglandin FP receptor, and reduces the intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humour via trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathways. Reduction of the intraocular pressure in man starts about 2 hours after administration and maximum effect is reached after 12 hours. Significant lowering of intraocular pressure can be maintained for periods exceeding 24 hours with a single dose.
In a clinical trial, patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who were treated with TRAVATAN (polyquaternium-preserved) dosed once-daily in the evening demonstrated 8 to 9 mmHg reductions (approximately 33%) in intraocular pressure from 24 to 26 mmHg baseline. Data on adjunctive administration of TRAVATAN with timolol 0.5% and limited data with brimonidine 0.2% were collected during clinical trials that showed an additive effect of TRAVATAN with these glaucoma medications. No clinical data are available on adjunctive use with other ocular hypotensive medications.
Travoprost significantly increased optic nerve head blood flow in rabbits following 7 days of topical ocular administration (1.4 micrograms, once-daily).
TRAVATAN preserved with polyquaternium-1 induced minimal ocular surface toxicity, compared to eye drops preserved with benzalkonium chloride, on cultured human corneal cells and following topical ocular administration in rabbits.
The efficacy of TRAVATAN in paediatric patients from 2 months to less than 18 years of age was demonstrated in a 12-week, double-masked clinical study of travoprost compared with timolol in 152 patients diagnosed with ocular hypertension or paediatric glaucoma. Patients received either travoprost 0.004% once daily or timolol 0.5% (or 0.25% for subjects younger than 3 years old) twice daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was the intraocular pressure (IOP) change from baseline at Week 12 of the study. Mean IOP reductions in the travoprost and timolol groups were similar (see Table 1).
In the age groups 3 to <12 years (n=36) and 12 to <18 years (n=26), mean IOP reduction at Week 12 in the travoprost group was similar to that in the timolol group. Mean IOP reduction at Week 12 in the 2 months to <3 years of age group was 1.8 mmHg in the travoprost group and 7.3 mmHg in the timolol group. IOP reductions for this group were based on only 6 patients in the timolol group and 9 patients in the travoprost group where 4 patients in the travoprost group versus 0 patients in the timolol group had no relevant mean IOP reduction at Week 12. No data are available for children less than 2 months old.
The effect on IOP was seen after the second week of treatment and was consistently maintained throughout the 12 week period of study for all age groups.
| Travoprost | Timolol | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SE) | N | Mean (SE) | Mean Differencea | (95% CI) |
| 53 | -6,4 (1,05) | 60 | -5,8 (0,96) | -0,5 | (-2,1, 1,0) |
SE = Standard Error; CI = Confidence Interval;
a Mean difference is Travoprost – Timolol. Estimates based on least squares means derived from a statistical model that accounts for correlated IOP measurements within patient where primary diagnosis and baseline IOP stratum are in the model.
Travoprost is an ester prodrug. It is absorbed through the cornea where the isopropyl ester is hydrolysed to the active free acid. Studies in rabbits have shown peak concentrations of 20 ng/mL of the free acid in aqueous humour one to two hours after topical dosing of TRAVATAN. Aqueous humour concentrations declined with a half-life of approximately 1.5 hours.
Following topical ocular administration of TRAVATAN to healthy volunteers, low systemic exposure to active free acid was demonstrated. Peak active free acid plasma concentrations of 25 pg/mL or less were observed between 10 and 30 minutes post-dose. Thereafter, plasma levels declined rapidly to below the 10 pg/mL assay quantitation limit before 1 hour post-administration. Due to the low plasma concentrations and rapid elimination following topical dosing, the elimination half-life of active free acid in man could not be determined.
Metabolism is the major route of elimination of both travoprost and the active free acid. The systemic metabolic pathways parallel those of endogenous prostaglandin F2α which are characterised by reduction of the 13-14 double bond, oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl and -oxidative cleavages of the upper side chain.
Travoprost free acid and its metabolites are mainly excreted by the kidneys. TRAVATAN has been studied in patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment and in patients with mild to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance as low as 14 ml/min). No dosage adjustment is necessary in these patients.
A pharmacokinetic study in paediatric patients aged 2 months to <18 years demonstrated very low plasma exposure to travoprost free acid, with concentrations ranging from below the 10 pg/mL assay limt of quantitation (BLQ) to 54.5 pg/mL. In 4 previous systemic pharmacokinetic studies in adult populations, travoprost free acid plasma concentrations ranged from BLQ to 52.0 pg/mL. While most of the plasma data across all studies was non-quantifiable, making statistical comparisons of systemic exposure across age groups unfeasible, the overall trend shows that plasma exposure to travoprost free acid following topical administration of TRAVATAN is extremely low across all age groups evaluated.
In ocular toxicity studies in monkeys, administration of travoprost at a dose of 0.45 microgram, twice a day, was shown to induce increased palpebral fissure. Topical ocular administration of travoprost to monkeys at concentrations of up to 0.012% to the right eye, twice daily for one year resulted in no systemic toxicity.
Reproduction toxicity studies have been undertaken in rat, mice and rabbit by systemic route. Findings are related to FP receptor agonist activity in uterus with early embryolethality, post-implantation loss, foetotoxicity. In pregnant rat, systemic administration of travoprost at doses more than 200 times the clinical dose during the period of organogenesis resulted in an increased incidence of malformations. Low levels of radioactivity were measured in amniotic fluid and foetal tissues of pregnant rats administered 3H-travoprost. Reproduction and development studies have demonstrated a potent effect on foetal loss with a high rate observed in rats and mice (180 pg/ml and 30 pg/ml plasma, respectively) at exposures 1.2 to 6 times the clinical exposure (up to 25 pg/ml).
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