TRYVIO Film-coated tablet Ref.[108964] Active ingredients: Aprocitentan

Aprocitentan exposure-response relationships and the time course of pharmacodynamic response are not fully characterized.

Cardiac Electrophysiology

At eight times the recommended dose, clinically significant QTc interval prolongation was not observed.

The aprocitentan mean (%CV) C_max is approximately 1.3 mcg/mL (19) following a single 25 mg dose (twice the recommended dose). The mean (%CV) aprocitentan AUC to the dosing interval (AUC_0-tau) is approximately 23 mcg⸱h/mL (17) following a single 25 mg dose. Aprocitentan plasma concentrations increased in a dose-proportional manner following once-daily administration of 5, 25, and 100 mg (0.4 times the recommended dose to 8 times the recommended dose). Aprocitentan steady state is reached by Day 8 with approximately 3-fold accumulation following once daily administration. Aprocitentan is primarily unchanged in plasma following oral TRYVIO administration.

Absorption

The absolute oral bioavailability of aprocitentan is unknown. The time to reach C_max is between 4 and 5 hours after administration of 25 mg aprocitentan (twice the recommended dose).

Effect of Food

No clinically significant differences in aprocitentan pharmacokinetics were observed following administration of a high-fat, high-calorie meal (approximately 150, 250, and 500–600 calories from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively) in healthy subjects.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of aprocitentan is approximately 20 L. Aprocitentan is >99% bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin. Protein binding is not affected by renal or hepatic impairment. The aprocitentan blood-to-plasma ratio is 0.63.

Elimination

The aprocitentan effective half-life is approximately 41 hours, and the apparent clearance is approximately 0.3 L/h.

Metabolism

Aprocitentan is primarily metabolized by UGT1A1- and UGT2B7-mediated N-glucosidation and non-enzymatic hydrolysis.

Excretion

After a single dose of radiolabeled aprocitentan, approximately 52% of the dose was eliminated via urine (0.2% unchanged) and 25% via feces (6.8% unchanged).

Specific Populations

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of aprocitentan were observed based on age (18–84 years), sex, race/ethnicity, body weight (44–196 kg), between patients and healthy subjects, mild to severe renal impairment (eGFR ≥15 mL/min), or mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A to B). The effect of kidney failure (eGFR <15 mL/min), dialysis, or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class C) on aprocitentan pharmacokinetics is unknown.

Drug Interaction Studies

Clinical Studies and Model-Informed Approaches

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of the following drugs were observed when used concomitantly with aprocitentan: midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate) or rosuvastatin (breast cancer resistance protein [BCRP] substrate).

In Vitro Studies

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) inducers: Concomitant administration of aprocitentan with UGT inducers may decrease aprocitentan exposure.

CYP450 enzymes: Aprocitentan inhibits CYP3A4 and all members of the CYP2C family, but did not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1. Aprocitentan is an inducer of CYP3A4 but did not induce CYP1A2 or CYP2C9.

UGT enzymes: Aprocitentan is a substrate and inhibitor of UGT1A1 and UGT2B7.

Transporter systems: Aprocitentan is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP. However, inhibitors of these transporters are not anticipated to influence the PK of aprocitentan. Aprocitentan is an inhibitor of BCRP, bile salt export pump (BSEP), and sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), but does not inhibit P-gp, organic cationic transporter (OCT)1, OCT2, human multi-drup and toxin compound extrusion (MATE)1, or MATE2K. Aprocitentan does not inhibit organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, OATP1B1, or OATP1B3 at therapeutic concentrations.

Carcinogenesis

Two-year carcinogenicity studies with macitentan (for which aprocitentan is a major metabolite) did not identify any carcinogenic potential at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day and 250 mg/kg/day in mice and rats, which produced aprocitentan exposures approximately 30-fold and 11-fold, respectively, the clinical aprocitentan exposure at the MRHD based on AUC.

Mutagenesis

Aprocitentan did not induce mutagenicity or genotoxicity in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo assays that included a bacterial reverse mutation assay, a chromosome aberration test in human lymphocytes, and an in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test in rats.

Impairment of Fertility

In a fertility study in male rats given aprocitentan for 15 weeks at doses up to 250 mg/kg/day, no effect on fertility or spermatogenesis was observed at 52-fold the clinical exposure at the MRHD based on AUC. In repeated dose toxicity studies, treatment with aprocitentan resulted in testicular tubular degeneration/atrophy in male rats and dogs at high doses of 250 mg/kg/day and 25 mg/kg/day, respectively, which represents approximately 41- and 52-fold the clinical exposure at the MRHD, based on AUC, respectively. The testicular toxicity was not evident in male rats and dogs at 50 mg/kg/day and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively, which represents approximately 14- and 10-fold the clinical exposure at the MRHD based on AUC.

In female rats given aprocitentan prior to mating, minimally increased pre-implantation loss was observed at doses ≥50 mg/kg/day, which represent ≥23-fold the clinical exposure at the MRHD based on AUC. No impact on fertility was observed at 10 mg/kg/day, which represents 5-fold the clinical exposure at the MRHD based on AUC.

The efficacy of TRYVIO (aprocitentan) was evaluated in a multipart, phase 3 multicenter study (PRECISION, NCT03541174) in adults with SBP ≥140 mmHg who were prescribed at least three antihypertensive medications. The trial included a placebo run-in period, which was followed by three parts as described below. Prior to the placebo run-in period, all patients were switched to standard background antihypertensive therapy consisting of an angiotensin receptor blocker, a calcium channel blocker, and a diuretic, which was continued throughout the study. Patients with concomitant use of beta-blockers continued this treatment throughout the study.

Following the 4-week placebo run-in period, 730 patients were randomized equally to aprocitentan at either 12.5 mg, 25 mg, or placebo once daily during the initial 4-week double-blind (DB) treatment period (part 1). At the end of 4 weeks, all patients entered the single-blind treatment period (part 2) where they received 25 mg aprocitentan once daily for 32 weeks. At the end of the 32 weeks, patients were re-randomized to receive either 25 mg aprocitentan or placebo, once daily, during a 12-week DB-withdrawal period (part 3).

The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in sitting SBP (SiSBP) from baseline to Week 4 during part 1, measured at trough by unattended automated office blood pressure (uAOBP).

The key secondary endpoint was the change in SiSBP measured at trough by uAOBP from Week 36 (i.e., prior to randomized withdrawal to 25 mg aprocitentan or placebo in part 3) to Week 40.

Patients had a mean age of 62 years (range 24 to 84 years) and 60% were male. Patients were White (83%), African American (11%) or Asian (5%). Approximately 10% were Hispanic. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 34 kg/m² (range 18 to 64 kg/m²). At baseline, 19% of patients had an eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m² and 3% had an eGFR 15– 29 mL/min/1.73 m². At baseline, 24% of patients had a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) of 30–300 mg/g and 13% had a UACR >300 mg/g. Approximately 54% of patients had a medical history of diabetes mellitus, 31% ischemic heart disease, and 20% congestive heart failure. At baseline, 63% of patients reported taking four or more antihypertensive medications.

BP reductions compared to placebo based on uAOBP measurements at trough are shown in Table 2. TRYVIO 12.5 mg was statistically superior to placebo in reducing SiSBP at Week 4 (part 1). The treatment effect was consistent for sitting diastolic BP (SiDBP) (Table 2).

Table 2. Reduction in sitting trough BP (mmHg) at Week 4 of DB treatment:

^* Observed baseline value.
^† Statistically significant at the 2.5% level as prespecified in the testing strategy.
BP = blood pressure; CL = confidence limits; DB = double-blind; LS Mean = least squares mean; SiDBP = sitting diastolic blood pressure; SiSBP = sitting systolic blood pressure.

The persistence of the BP-lowering effect of TRYVIO was demonstrated in part 3 of the trial, in which patients on aprocitentan were re-randomized to placebo or 25 mg aprocitentan following a period during which all patients were treated with 25 mg. In patients re-randomized to placebo, the mean SiSBP increased, whereas in patients re-randomized to 25 mg aprocitentan the mean effect on SiSBP was maintained and was statistically superior to placebo at Week 40. The treatment effect was consistent for SiDBP.

Most of the BP-lowering effect occurred within the first two weeks of treatment with TRYVIO.

TRYVIO is not approved for use at a 25 mg dose. The 25 mg dose has not demonstrated a meaningful improvement in blood pressure reduction as compared to the 12.5 mg dose and had an increased risk of edema/fluid retention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

TRYVIO’s BP-lowering effect appeared consistent among subgroups defined by age, sex, race, BMI, baseline eGFR, baseline UACR, medical history of diabetes, and between BP measurement methodologies (uAOBP and ambulatory BP measurements).