Pregnancy category B. Reproduction studies have been performed in female rats at doses approximately 300-fold excess relative to the projected human dose (on a mg/kg basis) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to Japanese encephalitis vaccine. There are, however, no adequate and well‑controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, Japanese encephalitis vaccine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
The effect of Japanese encephalitis vaccine on embryo-fetal and pre-weaning development was evaluated in a developmental toxicity study using pregnant rats. One group of rats was administered Japanese encephalitis vaccine twice prior to gestation and once during the period of organogenesis (gestation Day 6). A second group of pregnant rats was administered IXIARO once prior to gestation and once during the period of organogenesis (gestation Day 6). Japanese encephalitis vaccine was administered at 0.5 mL/rat/occasion (approximately 300-fold excess relative to the projected human dose on a mg/kg basis), by intramuscular injection. No adverse effects on mating, fertility, pregnancy, parturition, lactation, embryo-fetal or pre-weaning development were observed. There was a statistically significant finding of incomplete ossification in a few fetuses derived from the second group of pregnant rats. However, there are no data to suggest that this finding is vaccine related. There were no vaccine-related fetal malformations or other evidence of teratogenesis noted in this study.
It is not known whether this vaccine is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised if Japanese encephalitis vaccine is administered to a nursing woman.
Japanese encephalitis vaccine has not been evaluated for carcinogenic or mutagenic potential. Japanese encephalitis vaccine was found to have no effect on fertility of female rats at intramuscular doses of up to 300‑fold excess relative to the projected human dose (on a mg/kg basis) administered prior to and after mating. The effect of Japanese encephalitis vaccine on male fertility has not been evaluated.
In infants 2 months to <1 year of age, the most common injection site reaction was redness (>15%); the most common solicited systemic adverse reactions were fever (>20%), irritability (>15%) and diarrhea (>10%). In children 1 to <3 years of age, the most common solicited systemic adverse reaction was fever (>20%). In children 3 to <12 years of age, the most common solicited systemic adverse reaction was fever (>10%). In adolescents 12 to <18 years of age, the most common solicited injection site reactions were pain (15%) and tenderness (10%). In adults 18 years of age and older, the most common injection site reactions were pain (>25%) and tenderness (>25%); the most common solicited systemic adverse reactions were headache (>20%) and myalgia (>10%).
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a vaccine cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another vaccine and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The safety of Japanese encephalitis vaccine was evaluated in a randomized, controlled, open-label clinical trial in healthy male and female subjects 2 months to <18 years of age, conducted in the Philippines, a country where Japanese Encephalitis is endemic (Study 1)1. Japanese encephalitis vaccine was compared to two control vaccines: Hepatitis A vaccine (Hepatitis A vaccine, pediatric 720 EL.U./0.5 mL formulation, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) and Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (Pneumococcal 7-valent Conjugate Vaccine [Diphtheria CRM197 protein], Pfizer). A total of 1,769 subjects were randomized in an age-stratified scheme in a 3:1 ratio (2:1 ratio for ages <1 year) to receive intramuscular injections of either Japanese encephalitis vaccine (two 0.25 mL doses on Days 0 and 28 for infants and children 2 months to <3 years of age or two 0.5 mL doses on Days 0 and 28 for children 3 to <18 years of age) or Hepatitis A vaccine (children 1 year of age and older, 2 doses on Day 0 and at Month 7) or Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (infants 2 to <6 months of age, 3 doses on Days 0, 28, 56 and an optional 4th dose at Month 7 or later; infants 6 to <12 months of age, 3 doses on Days 0 and 56 and at Month 7). Subject numbers and dosing schemes by age group are displayed in Table 1.
Table 1. Subject Numbers and Dosing Schemes by Age Group (Safety Population, Study 1§, Philippines):
| Treatment Group | Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=1311) | Hepatitis A vaccine (N=394) | Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (N=64) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects in Age Group 2 months to <1 year | 131 | - | 64 |
| Subjects in Age Group 1 year to <3 years | 640 | 213 | - |
| Subjects in Age Group 3 to <12 years | 300 | 101 | - |
| Subjects in Age Group 12 to <18 years | 240 | 80 | - |
§ NCT01041573
* Infants and children 2 months to <3 years of age received two 0.25 mL doses administered on Days 0 and 28. Individuals 3 years of age and older received two 0.5 mL doses administered on Days 0 and 28.
Analysis of safety in children was carried out using the safety population including 1,311 subjects receiving at least one dose of Japanese encephalitis vaccine, 394 subjects receiving the first dose of Hepatitis A vaccine on Day 0, and 64 subjects receiving at least one dose of Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine on Day 0 (all infants <1 year of age). The Japanese encephalitis vaccine and control groups were similar with regard to demographics (mean age 5.48 years, range 2 months to 17 years; 49.5% female; ethnicity: Asian: 100% for Study 1 overall). Parents or subjects recorded adverse events on a diary card for the first seven days after each vaccination. Only those events considered to be assessable based on the subjects developmental status were recorded. Parents or subjects were queried regarding the occurrence of any unsolicited AEs following the previous vaccination at in-person visits, which included a medical exam, on Day 28, Day 56, and at Month 7.
Solicited Adverse Events:
For an overview of solicited local and systemic reactions for pediatric age groups see Table 2 (infants 2 months to <1 year of age), Table 3 (toddlers 1 to <3 years of age) Table 4 (children 3 to <12 years of age), and Table 5 (adolescents 12 to <18 years of age). As children 1 year of age and older received the second dose of Hepatitis A vaccine at the final study visit at Month 7, rates of solicited AEs among these subjects after the second vaccination are only available for Japanese encephalitis vaccine.
Table 2. Rates of Solicited Adverse Reactions on Days 0-7 After Each Vaccination in Infants 2 Months to <1 Year of Age, by Dose and Treatment Group, Study 1§, Philippines:
| Post Dose 1 (% of subjects) | Post Dose 2 (% of subjects) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=131‡) | Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (N=64‡) | Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=131‡) | Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (N=64‡) | |
| Injection Site Reactions | ||||
| Tenderness | 3.1 | 12.7 | 0.8 | 3.3 |
| Hardening | 0.0 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 1.6 |
| Swelling | 1.5 | 6.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
| Redness | 17.6 | 25.4 | 5.3 | 16.4 |
| Solicited Systemic Reactions | ||||
| Irritability | 15.3 | 12.7 | 8.4 | 8.2 |
| Vomiting | 7.6 | 6.3 | 3.8 | 1.6 |
| Diarrhea | 11.5 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 4.9 |
| Excessive fatigue | 3.1 | 7.9 | 1.5 | 3.3 |
| Rash | 8.4 | 9.5 | 3.8 | 4.9 |
| Loss of appetite | 5.3 | 9.5 | 5.3 | 6.6 |
| Fever ≥37.7°C (≥99.9°F) | 23.7 | 25.4 | <>14.5 | 23.3 |
| 37.7-38.6 °C (99.9-101.5°F) | 17.6 | 22.2 | 12.2 | 15.0 |
| 38.7-39.3 °C (101.6-102.7°F) | 6.1 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 6.7 |
| 39.4-40.5 °C (102.8-104.9°F) | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.7 |
| >40.5°C (>104.9°F) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
§ NCT01041573
* Japanese encephalitis vaccine dose 0.25 mL.
‡ N=number of subjects with available diary card data after each dose, used as the denominator to calculate percentages.
Table 3. Rates of Solicited Adverse Reactions on Days 0-7 After Each Vaccination in Children 1 Year to <3 Years of Age, by Dose and Treatment Group, Study 1§, Philippines:
| Post Dose 1 (% of subjects**) | Post Dose 2 (% of subjects**) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=640‡) | Hepatitis A vaccine (N=213‡) | Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=637‡) | |
| Injection Site Reactions | |||
| Pain | 3.6 (6/165) | 7.4 (4/54) | 3.6 (6/166) |
| Itching | 0.6 (1/180) | 0.0 (0/63) | 0.0 (0/184) |
| Tenderness | 3.1 | 5.6 | 1.4 |
| Hardening | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Swelling | 2.0 | 3.3 | 1.7 |
| Redness | 6.1 | 7.5 | 2.5 |
| Solicited Systemic Reactions | |||
| Irritability | 7.7 | 5.6 | 2.7 |
| Nausea | 2.2 (5/228) | 1.3 (1/78) | 0.9 (2/229) |
| Vomiting | 4.2 | 5.6 | 2.8 |
| Diarrhea | 7.0 | 5.2 | 4.6 |
| Flu-like symptoms | 7.7 (13/169) | 13.3 (8/60) | 4.0 (7/176) |
| Excessive fatigue | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
| Muscle pain | 2.3 (3/130) | 0.0 (0/42) | 0.7 (1/136) |
| Rash | 4.2 | 2.3 | 1.3 |
| Headache | 1.5 (2/135) | 4.4 (2/45) | 1.4 (2/143) |
| Loss of appetite | 5.6 | 4.2 | 2.5 |
| Fever ≥37.7°C (≥99.9°F) | 20.2 | 15.5 | 12.7 |
| 37.7-38.6 °C (99.9-101.5°F) | 15.6 | 12.2 | 8.5 |
| 38.7-39.3 °C (101.6-102.7°F) | 3.0 | 1.4 | 2.5 |
| 39.4-40.5 °C (102.8-104.9°F) | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
| >40.5°C (>104.9°F) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
§ NCT01041573
* Japanese encephalitis vaccine dose 0.25 mL.
‡ N=number of subjects with available diary card data after each dose, used as the denominator to calculate percentages
** Where the number of subjects with available data for a particular symptom differed from the overall number of subjects with available diary card data, the rate (n/N) is provided; n is the number of subjects who reported that symptom, and N is the number of subjects with available data for that symptom.
Table 4. Rates of Solicited Adverse Reactions on Days 0-7 After Each Vaccination in Children 3 Years to <12 Years of Age, by Dose and Treatment Group, Study 1§, Philippines:
| Post Dose 1 (% of subjects) | Post Dose 2 (% of subjects) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=291-300‡) | Hepatitis A vaccine (N=99-101‡) | Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=293-300‡) | |
| Injection Site Reactions | |||
| Pain | 5.5 | 3.0 | 1.7 |
| Itching | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tenderness | 4.3 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
| Hardening | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Swelling | 2.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 |
| Redness | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| Solicited Systemic Reaction | |||
| Irritability | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| Nausea | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
| Vomiting | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| Diarrhea | 0.7 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Flu-like symptoms | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.3 |
| Excessive fatigue | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| Muscle pain | 2.4 | >3.0 | 0.3 |
| Rash | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Headache | 3.8 | 4.0 | 1.4 |
| Loss of appetite | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
| Fever ≥37.7°C (≥99.9°F) | 10.7 | 8.9 | 4.7 |
| 37.7-38.6°C (99.9-101.5°F) | 7.7 | 6.9 | 3.3 |
| 38.7-39.3°C (101.6-102.7°F) | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.7 |
| 39.4-40.5°C (102.8-104.9°F) | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
| >40.5°C (>104.9°F) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
§ NCT01041573
* Japanese encephalitis vaccine dose 0.5 mL.
‡ N=range of subjects with available diary card data after each dose, used as denominators to calculate percentages.
Table 5. Rates of Solicited Adverse Reactions on Days 0-7 After Each Vaccination in Children 12 Years to <18 Years of Age, by Dose and Treatment Group, Study 1§, Philippines:
| Post Dose 1 (% of subjects) | Post Dose 2 (% of subjects) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=240‡) | Hepatitis A vaccine (N=80‡) | Japanese encephalitis vaccine* (N=238‡) | |
| Injection Site Reactions | |||
| Pain | 15.0 | 12.5 | 6.7 |
| Itching | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Tenderness | 10.0 | 13.8 | 4.6 |
| Hardening | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Swelling | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
| Redness | 0.8 | 6.3 | 3.8 |
| Solicited Systemic Reaction | |||
| Irritability | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
| Nausea | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
| Vomiting | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Diarrhea | 0.4 | 2.5 | 0.0 |
| Flu-like symptoms | 3.3 | 7.5 | 1.3 |
| Excessive fatigue | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
| Muscle pain | 2.9 | 5.0 | 1.3 |
| Rash | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
| Headache | 4.6 | 5.0<> | 3.4 |
| Loss of appetite | 2.1 | 2.5<> | 0.4 |
| Fever ≥37.7°C (≥99.9°F) | 3.8 | 6.3 | 5.0 |
| 37.7-38.6°C (99.9-101.5°F) | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.8 |
| 38.7-39.3°C (101.6-102.7°F) | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| 39.4-40.5°C (102.8-104.9°F) | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
| >40.5°C (>104.9°F) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
§ NCT01041573
* Japanese encephalitis vaccine dose 0.5 mL.
‡ N=number of subjects with available diary card data after each dose, used as the denominator to calculate percentages.
Serious Adverse Events:
There was one death due to disseminated intravascular coagulation following suspected bacterial meningitis in a 12 year old male 4 months after the second dose of Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Forty serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported during the 7 month study period. Twenty-three subjects (1.6%) who received Japanese encephalitis vaccine, 1 subject (1.6%) who received Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine and 10 subjects (2.5%) who received Hepatitis A vaccine experienced an SAE. Some subjects experienced more than one SAE.
The SAEs occurring most frequently in all study groups were febrile convulsions. A total of 12 febrile convulsions were reported (9 of them as SAEs), in 8 subjects (1.0% of children below the age of 3 years) receiving Japanese encephalitis vaccine, 3 subjects (1.4% of children below the age of 3 years) receiving Hepatitis A vaccine and 1 subject (1.6%) receiving Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine. All febrile convulsions occurred in children below the age of 3 years. Onset of febrile convulsions ranged from 2 days to >5 months after doses of Japanese encephalitis vaccine with no apparent temporal clustering, 4 weeks after Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine and 9 days to >16 weeks after Hepatitis A vaccine.
The safety of Japanese encephalitis vaccine was evaluated in an ongoing, uncontrolled, open-label clinical trial conducted in the United States, Europe and Australiain healthy children with planned travel to JEV-endemic areas (Study 2)2. Japanese encephalitis vaccine (0.25 mL dose for children 2 months to <3 years of age, 0.5 mL dose for children and adolescents 3 to <18 years of age) was administered by intramuscular injection on Day 0 and Day 28. An analysis of safety was carried out after enrolment of 60 subjects (mean age: 12.50 years, range 10 months to 17 years; 56.7% female; ethnicity: White: 83.3%, Asian: 13.3%, Black: 3.3%). Parents or subjects recorded adverse events on a diary card for the first seven days after each vaccination. Only those events considered to be assessable based on the subjects developmental status were recorded. Parents or subjects were queried about the occurrence of unsolicited AEs through 6 months after the last vaccination (Month 7).
At the time of the analysis, 40% (2/5) subjects 2 months to <3 years of age experienced injection site hardening, injection site redness, and diarrhea following the first or second dose of Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Solicited adverse reactions among subjects 3 to <18 years of age are summarized in Table 6.
Table 6. Rates of Solicited Adverse Reactions on Days 0-7 After Each Japanese encephalitis vaccine 0.5 mL Vaccination in Children 3 Years to <18 Years of Age Traveling From Western Countries, Study 2§:
| Post Dose 1 (N=55) % of subjects | Post Dose 2 (N=49) % of subjects | |
|---|---|---|
| Injection Site Reactions | ||
| Pain | 18.2 | 16.3 |
| Itching | 3.6 | 2.0 |
| Tenderness | 30.9 | 24.5 |
| Hardening | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| Swelling | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Redness | 5.5 | 0.0 |
| Solicited Systemic Reaction | ||
| Irritability | 0.0 | 6.1 |
| Nausea | 1.8 | 2.0 |
| Vomiting | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| Diarrhea | 1.8 | 0.0 |
| Flu-like symptoms | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Excessive fatigue | 12.7 | 0.0 |
| Muscle pain | 27.3 | 2.0 |
| Rash | 1.8 | 2.0 |
| Headache | 1.8 | 4.1 |
| Loss of appetite | 1.8 | 0.0 |
| Fever 37.7°C (99.9°F) | 5.5 | 2.0 |
| 37.7-38.6°C (99.9-101.5°F) | 3.6 | 2.0 |
| 38.7-39.3°C (101.6-102.7°F) | 1.8 | 0.0 |
| 39.4-40.5°C (102.8-104.9°F) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| >40.5°C (>104.9°F) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
§ NCT01047839
‡ N=number of subjects with available diary card data after each dose, used as the denominator to calculate percentages.
In five randomized, controlled clinical studies3,4,5,6,7 conducted in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, a total of 3,558 healthy adults 18 to 86 years of age received at least one dose of Japanese encephalitis vaccine and were followed-up for safety for 6 months after the first dose. In this pooled dataset of subjects who received Japanese encephalitis vaccine, one death occurred in a subject with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma four months after completing the two-dose regimen. About 1% of subjects who received Japanese encephalitis vaccine experienced a serious adverse event, including one case of multiple sclerosis. Approximately 1% of subjects who received Japanese encephalitis vaccine discontinued due to adverse events.
The safety of Japanese encephalitis vaccine was evaluated in a randomized, controlled, double‑blind clinical trial in healthy male and female subjects 18 years of age (Study 3)3. Japanese encephalitis vaccine was compared to a control: Phosphate Buffered Saline containing 0.1% aluminum hydroxide [PBS + Al(OH)3]. A total of 2,675 subjects were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to receive either an intramuscular injection of Japanese encephalitis vaccine (0.5 mL) each on Day 0 and Day 28, or an intramuscular injection of PBS + Al(OH)3 (0.5 mL) each on Day 0 and Day 28. Analysis of safety was carried out using the safety population including 1,993 subjects receiving at least one dose of Japanese encephalitis vaccine and 657 subjects receiving at least one dose of PBS + Al(OH)3 (mean age: 33.8 years, range 18 to 86 years; 55.3% female; ethnicity: White: 91.7%, Asian: 1.8%, Black: 3.4%, Other: 3.0%). The Japanese encephalitis vaccine and control groups were similar with regard to demographics. Subjects recorded adverse events on a diary card for the first seven days after each vaccination. In addition, the study investigator took a medical history and performed a physical exam to evaluate for adverse events on the day of each vaccination and at a visit 4 weeks after the second vaccination.
Serious Adverse Events:
No deaths occurred during this trial. Sixteen serious adverse events (SAE) were reported during the study period. Ten subjects (0.5%) who received Japanese encephalitis vaccine and 6 subjects (0.9%) who received PBS + Al(OH)3 experienced a SAE. The serious adverse events occurring in the Japanese encephalitis vaccine group were as follows: Dermatomyositis, appendicitis, rectal hemorrhage, limb abscess (contralateral to the injected arm), chest pain, ovarian torsion, ruptured corpus luteal cyst, and three orthopedic injuries.
Systemic Adverse Events:
Overall, the percentage of subjects who experienced at least one adverse event during the study period was 58.9% in the Japanese encephalitis vaccine group compared to 56.6% in the PBS + Al(OH)3 group. Adverse events of any severity grade occurring with an incidence of 1% of subjects are shown in Table 7. Most adverse events (>90%) were mild to moderate.
Table 7. Rates of Common Solicited and Unsolicited Systemic Adverse Events* in Adults Residing in Non-Endemic Areas After Japanese encephalitis vaccine or Control [PBS + Al(OH)3], Safety Population, Study 3§:
| Post Dose 1 (Day 0 to Day 28) % of subjects | Post Dose 2 (Day 28 to Day 56) % of subjects | Post Dose 1 or Dose 2 (Day 0 to Day 56) % of subjects | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse Event | Japanese encephalitis vaccine N‡=1993 | PBS + Al(OH)3 N‡=657 | Japanese encephalitis vaccine N‡=1968 | PBS + Al(OH)3 N‡=645 | Japanese encephalitis vaccine N‡=1993 | PBS + Al(OH)3 N‡=657 |
| Headache† | 21.6 | 20.2 | 13.4 | 13.0 | 27.9 | 26.2 |
| Myalgia† | 13.3 | 12.9 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 15.6 | 15.5 |
| Fatigue† | 8.6 | 8.7 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 11.3 | 11.7 |
| Influenza-like Illness† | 8.2 | 8.5 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 12.3 | 11.7 |
| Nausea† | 4.7 | 5.3 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 6.6 | 7.5 |
| Nasopharyngitis | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 4.0 |
| Fever† | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 3.0 |
| Rhinitis | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 2.0 |
| Back Pain | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
| Pharyngolaryngeal Pain | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
| Rash† | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
| Diarrhea | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
| Cough | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Vomiting† | 6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
§ NCT00605085
* The adverse events in this table are those observed at an incidence of ≥1% in the Japanese encephalitis vaccine or PBS + Al(OH)3 groups.
† These symptoms were solicited in a subject diary card. Percentages also include unsolicited events that occurred after the 7 day period covered by the diary card.
‡ N=number of subjects in the safety population (subjects treated with at least one dose) who received the respective dose
Injection Site Reactions:
Injection site reactions after Japanese encephalitis vaccine were compared to reactions after PBS + Al(OH)3. Symptoms were recorded into a subject diary for the first seven days after each injection, and the injection site was assessed by the investigator at each visit. The rates of injection site reactions are shown in Table 8. Most injection site reactions (>90%) were mild to moderate.
Table 8. Rates of Injection Site Solicited Adverse Reactions* After Japanese encephalitis vaccine or Control [PBS + Al(OH)3], Adults Residing in Non-Endemic Areas, Safety Population With Evaluable Diary Cards, Study 3§:
| Post Dose 1(% of subjects†) | Post Dose 2(% of subjects†) | Post Dose 1 or Dose 2(% of subjects†) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse Reaction | Japanese encephalitis vaccine N‡=1963 | PBS + Al(OH)3 N‡=645 | Japanese encephalitis vaccine N‡=1951 | PBS + Al(OH)3 N‡=638 | Japanese encephalitis vaccine N‡=1963 | PBS + Al(OH)3 N‡=645 |
| Any Reaction | 48.5 | 47.7 | 32.6 | 32.2 | 55.4 | 56.2 |
| Pain | 27.7 | 28.2 | 17.7 | 18.2 | 33.0 | 35.8 |
| Tenderness | 28.8 | 26.9 | 22.5 | 18.1 | 35.9 | 32.6 |
| Erythema | 6.8 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 9.6 | 7.4 |
| Induration | 4.8 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 7.5 | 7.4 |
| Edema | 2.4 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 4.6 |
| Pruritus | 2.6 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 4.5 |
§ NCT00605085
* Injection site reactions were assessed for 7 days after each dose.
† Denominators used to calculate percentages are based on the number of evaluable diary card entries (defined as documented presence on any day [i.e., entry of “yes”] or absence on all days [i.e., entry of “no”]) for each individual symptom and observation period.
‡ N=number of subjects who returned diary cards after each dose
The safety of Japanese encephalitis vaccine compared to another U.S.-licensed inactivated JE vaccine (JE-VAX) was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in subjects 18 years of age (Study 4)4.
No deaths occurred during this trial. One serious adverse event occurred in this trial in a subject with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) who experienced a MI three weeks after receiving the 2 nd dose of Japanese encephalitis vaccine. The most common adverse events after immunization occurring in 1% of subjects were headache, myalgia, fatigue, influenza-like illness, nausea, nasopharyngitis, fever, pharyngolaryngeal pain, cough, rash, diarrhea, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infection, back pain, migraine, vomiting and influenza, which occurred with similar frequency in both treatment groups. Local injection site reactions solicited in diary cards for 7 days after each vaccination were observed at a rate of 54% in the Japanese encephalitis vaccine group (N=428) compared to a rate of 69.1% in the JE-VAX group (N=435).
The safety of a booster dose of Japanese encephalitis vaccine administered 14 months after completion of the primary series was evaluated in an open-label, uncontrolled study in subjects 18 years of age (Study 8)8.
Within 28 days of booster vaccination, adverse events were reported by 35.4% of subjects (N=198). Within 12 months of booster vaccination, subjects who experienced at least one adverse event were 56.1%. Injection site reactions were reported in the subject diary for 30.8% of subjects within 7 days of booster vaccination. Adverse events considered by the investigators to be treatment-related were recorded for 11.6% of subjects (these related events were all observed within one month after the booster dose administration).
The most common injection site reactions (>10% of subjects) were pain (12.8%) and tenderness (19.2%); the most common systemic adverse events (>10%) were nasopharyngitis (15.2%) and headache (11.1%).
The safety of Japanese encephalitis vaccine when administered concomitantly with inactivated Hepatitis A Virus vaccine (Hepatitis A vaccine) was evaluated in a controlled trial in which subjects 18 years of age were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups: Group A (N=62) received Japanese encephalitis vaccine + Hepatitis A vaccine; Group B (N=65) received Japanese encephalitis vaccine + control [PBS + Al(OH)3]; Group C (N=65) received Hepatitis A vaccine + control [PBS + Al(OH)3]. One serious adverse event occurred in this trial in a subject with a history of alcoholism and seizure disorder who experienced a seizure three weeks after receiving the 2 nd dose of Japanese encephalitis vaccine + control.
The percentage of subjects who experienced at least one adverse event was as follows: Group A: 38.7%; Group B: 41.5%; Group C: 47.7%. The most frequently reported injection site reaction on the day of the first vaccination in all three groups was injection site pain in 59.0% of subjects in Group A, in 48.4% of subjects in Group B and in 48.4% of subjects in Group C.
The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate reliably their frequency or establish a causal relationship to the vaccine.
Nervous system disorders: Paraesthesia, Neuritis.
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