ATC Group: L01F Monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates

Amivantamab is a low-fucose, fully-human IgG1-based EGFR-MET bispecific antibody with immune cell-directing activity that targets tumours with activating EGFR Exon 20 insertion mutations. Amivantamab binds to the extracellular domains of EGFR and MET. Amivantamab disrupts EGFR and MET signalling functions through blocking ligand binding and enhancing degradation of EGFR and MET, thereby preventing tumour growth and progression.

Atezolizumab is an Fc-engineered, humanised immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody that directly binds to PD-L1 and provides a dual blockade of the PD-1 and B7.1 receptors, releasing PD-L1/PD-1 mediated inhibition of the immune response, including reactivating the antitumour immune response without inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Avelumab is a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Avelumab binds PD-L1 and blocks the interaction between PD-L1 and the programmed death 1 (PD-1) and B7.1 receptors. This removes the suppressive effects of PD-L1 on cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells, resulting in the restoration of anti-tumour T-cell responses.

Bevacizumab binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the key driver of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, and thereby inhibits the binding of VEGF to its receptors, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1) and KDR (VEGFR-2), on the surface of endothelial cells. Neutralising the biological activity of VEGF regresses the vascularisation of tumours, normalises remaining tumour vasculature, and inhibits the formation of new tumour vasculature, thereby inhibiting tumour growth.

Blinatumomab is a bispecific T-cell engager molecule that binds specifically to CD19 expressed on the surface of cells of B-lineage origin and CD3 expressed on the surface of T-cells. It activates endogenous T-cells by connecting CD3 in the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex with CD19 on benign and malignant B-cells. The anti-tumour activity of blinatumomab immunotherapy is not dependent on T-cells bearing a specific TCR or on peptide antigens presented by cancer cells, but is polyclonal in nature and independent of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules on target cells. Blinatumomab mediates the formation of a cytolytic synapse between the T-cell and the tumour cell, releasing proteolytic enzymes to kill both proliferating and resting target cells.

Brentuximab vedotin is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) that delivers an antineoplastic agent that results in apoptotic cell death selectively in CD30-expressing tumour cells. Nonclinical data suggest that the biological activity of brentuximab vedotin results from a multi-step process. Binding of the ADC to CD30 on the cell surface initiates internalisation of the ADC-CD30 complex, which then traffics to the lysosomal compartment. Within the cell, a single defined active species, MMAE, is released via proteolytic cleavage. Binding of MMAE to tubulin disrupts the microtubule network within the cell, induces cell cycle arrest and results in apoptotic death of the CD30-expressing tumour cell.

Catumaxomab is a trifunctional rat-mouse hybrid monoclonal antibody that is specifically directed against the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and the CD3 antigen. The EpCAM antigen is overexpressed on most carcinomas. Due to catumaxomab’s binding properties, a concerted immunoreaction against tumour cells is induced which includes different mechanisms of action, resulting in destruction of tumour cells.

Cemiplimab is a fully human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody that binds to the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor and blocks its interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. Cemiplimab potentiates T cell responses, including anti-tumour responses, through blockade of PD-1 binding to PD-L1 and PD-L2 ligands.

Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal IgG₁ antibody that is specifically directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR signalling pathways are involved in the control of cell survival, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, cell migration and cellular invasion/metastasis. Cetuximab blocks binding of endogenous EGFR ligands resulting in inhibition of the function of the receptor.

Daratumumab is an IgG1κ human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to the CD38 protein expressed at a high level on the surface of multiple myeloma tumour cells, as well as other cell types and tissues at various levels. CD38 protein has multiple functions such as receptor mediated adhesion, signalling and enzymatic activity. Daratumumab has been shown to potently inhibit the in vivo growth of CD38-expressing tumour cells.

Dinutuximab is a monoclonal chimeric antibody composed of murine variable heavy and light chain regions and the human constant region for the heavy chain IgG1 and light chain kappa. Dinutuximab reacts specifically with the ganglioside GD2, which is highly expressed on the surface of neuroblastoma cells and minimally expressed on the surface of normal human neurons, peripheral pain fibres, and skin melanocytes.

Dostarlimab is a humanised mAb of the IgG4 isotype that binds to PD-1 receptors and blocks the interactions of binding with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. The inhibition of PD-1 pathway-mediated immune response results in reactivation of T-cell function such as proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity. Dostarlimab potentiates T-cell responses, including anti-tumour immuno responses through blockade of PD-1 binding to PD-L1 and PD-L2.

Durvalumab is a fully human, immunoglobulin G1 kappa (IgG1κ) monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks the interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 and CD80 (B7.1). Durvalumab does not induce antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Selective blockade of PD-L1/PD-1 and PD-L1/CD80 interactions enhances antitumour immune responses and increases T-cell activation.

Elotuzumab is an immunostimulatory humanised, IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically targets the SLAMF7 (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family member 7) protein. Elotuzumab directly activates natural killer cells through both the SLAMF7 pathway and Fc receptors enhancing anti-myeloma activity in vitro. Elotuzumab also targets SLAMF7 on myeloma cells and through interactions with Fc receptors on specific immune cells, promotes the killing of myeloma cells through NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and macrophage-mediated antibody-dependant cellular phagocytosis (ADCP).

Elranatamab is a bi-specific T-cell engaging antibody that binds CD3-epsilon on T-cells and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) on plasma cells, plasmablasts, and multiple myeloma cells. Binding of elranatamab to BCMA on tumour cells and CD3 on T-cells is independent of native T-cell receptor (TCR) specificity or reliance on major histocompatibility (MHC) Class 1 molecules. Elranatamab activated T-cells, led to proinflammatory cytokine release, and resulted in multiple myeloma cell lysis.

Enfortumab vedotin is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) targeting Nectin-4, an adhesion protein located on the surface of the urothelial cancer cells. It is comprised of a fully human IgG1-kappa antibody conjugated to the microtubule-disrupting agent MMAE via a protease-cleavable maleimidocaproyl valine-citrulline linker. Nonclinical data suggest that the anticancer activity of enfortumab vedotin is due to the binding of the ADC to Nectin-4-expressing cells, followed by internalisation of the ADC-Nectin-4 complex, and the release of MMAE via proteolytic cleavage.

Epcoritamab is a humanised IgG1-bispecific antibody that binds to a specific extracellular epitope of CD20 on B cells and to CD3 on T cells. The activity of epcoritamab is dependent upon simultaneous engagement of CD20-expressing cancer cells and CD3-expressing endogenous T cells by epcoritamab that induces specific T-cell activation and T-cell-mediated killing of CD20-expressing cells.

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a monoclonal antibody that is directed against the antigen CD33, an adhesion protein found on the surface of myeloid leukaemic blasts and immature normal cells of myelomonocytic lineage. The anticancer effect of gemtuzumab ozogamycin is due to the commitment of ADC to cancer cells expressing CD33, with ultimate result the induction of DNA fragment and subsequent cell cycle interruption and finally the apoptotic cell death.

Glofitamab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody that binds bivalently to CD20 expressed on the surface of B cells and monovalently to CD3 in the T-cell receptor complex expressed on the surface of T cells. By simultaneous binding to CD20 on the B cell and CD3 on the T cell, glofitamab mediates the formation of an immunological synapse with subsequent T-cell activation and proliferation, secretion of cytokines and release of cytolytic proteins that results in the lysis of CD20-expressing B cells.

Inotuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a recombinant humanised IgG4 kappa CD22-directed monoclonal antibody that is covalently linked to N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin dimethylhydrazide. The small molecule, N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin, is a cytotoxic product. N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin is covalently attached to the antibody via an acid-cleavable linker. Activation of N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin dimethylhydrazide induces double-stranded DNA breaks, subsequently inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death.

Ipilimumab is a CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitor that blocks T-cell inhibitory signals induced by the CTLA-4 pathway, increasing the number of reactive T-effector cells which mobilize to mount a direct T-cell immune attack against tumour cells. CTLA-4 blockade can also reduce T-regulatory cell function, which may contribute to an anti-tumour immune response.

Isatuximab is an IgG1-derived monoclonal antibody that binds to CD38 expressed on the surface of hematopoietic and tumor cells, including multiple myeloma cells. Isatuximab induces apoptosis of tumor cells and activation of immune effector mechanisms including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). It is used in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone, for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM).

Loncastuximab tesirine is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting CD19. Upon binding to CD19, loncastuximab tesirine is internalised followed by release of SG3199 via proteolytic cleavage. The released SG3199 binds to the DNA minor groove and forms highly cytotoxic DNA interstrand crosslinks, subsequently inducing cell death.

Margetuximab-cmkb binds to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 protein (HER2). Upon binding to HER2-expressing tumor cells, margetuximab-cmkb inhibits tumor cell proliferation, reduces shedding of the HER2 extracellular domain and mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Mirvetuximab soravtansine is an antibody-drug conjugate. The antibody is an engineered IgG1 directed against folate receptor alpha (FRα). The function of the antibody portion is to bind to FRα expressed on the surface of ovarian cancer cells. DM4 is a microtubule inhibitor attached to the antibody via a cleavable linker. Upon binding to FRα, mirvetuximab soravtansine is internalised followed by intracellular release of DM4 via proteolytic cleavage. DM4 disrupts the microtubule network within the cell, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death.

Mogamulizumab is a defucosylated, humanised IgG1 kappa immunoglobulin that selectively binds to CCR4, a G protein-coupled receptor for CC chemokines that is involved in the trafficking of lymphocytes to various organs including the skin, resulting in depletion of the target cells.

Mosunetuzumab is an anti-CD20/CD3 T-cell engaging bispecific antibody targeting CD20-expressing B-cells. It is a conditional agonist; targeted B-cell killing is observed only upon simultaneous binding to CD20 on B-cells and CD3 on T-cells. Engagement of both arms of mosunetuzumab results in the formation of an immunologic synapse between a target B cell and a cytotoxic T cell leading to T-cell activation. Subsequent directed release of perforin and granzymes from T-cell activation through the immunologic synapsis induce B-cell lysis leading to cell death.

Naxitamab-gqgk binds to the glycolipid GD2. GD2 is a disialoganglioside that is overexpressed on neuroblastoma cells and other cells of neuroectodermal origin, including the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. In vitro, naxitamab-gqgk was able to bind to cell surface GD2 and induce complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Nivolumab is a human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody (HuMAb), which binds to the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor and blocks its interaction with PD-L1 and PD-L2. Nivolumab potentiates T-cell responses, including anti-tumour responses, through blockade of PD-1 binding to PD-L1 and PD-L2 ligands. In syngeneic mouse models, blocking PD-1 activity resulted in decreased tumour growth.

Obinutuzumab is a recombinant monoclonal humanised and glycoengineered Type II anti-CD20 antibody of the IgG1 isotype. It specifically targets the extracellular loop of the CD20 transmembrane antigen on the surface of non-malignant and malignant pre-B and mature B-lymphocytes. Glycoengineering of the Fc part of obinutuzumab results in higher affinity for FcγRIII receptors on immune effector cells such as natural killer cells, macrophages and monocytes as compared to non-glycoengineered antibodies.

Ofatumumab is a human monoclonal antibody (IgG1) that binds specifically to a distinct epitope encompassing both the small and large extracellular loops of the CD20 molecule. The CD20 molecule is a transmembrane phosphoprotein expressed on B lymphocytes from the pre-B to mature B lymphocyte stage and on B-cell tumours. The binding of ofatumumab to the membrane-proximal epitope of the CD20 molecule induces recruitment and activation of the complement pathway at the cell surface, leading to complement dependent cytotoxicity and resultant lysis of tumour cells.

Olaratumab is an antagonist of platelet derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α), expressed on tumour and stromal cells. Olaratumab is a targeted, recombinant, fully human immunoglobulin G subclass 1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody that specifically binds PDGFR-α, blocking PDGF AA, -BB, and CC binding and receptor activation. As a result, in vitro olaratumab inhibits PDGFRα pathway signalling in tumour and stromal cells. In addition, in vivo olaratumab has been shown to disrupt the PDGFR-α pathway in tumour cells and inhibit tumour growth.

Panitumumab is a recombinant, fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity and specificity to the human EGFR. Panitumumab binds to the ligand binding domain of EGFR and inhibits receptor autophosphorylation induced by all known EGFR ligands. Binding of panitumumab to EGFR results in internalisation of the receptor, inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and decreased interleukin 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor production.

Pembrolizumab is a humanised monoclonal antibody which binds to the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor and blocks its interaction with ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. The PD-1 receptor is a negative regulator of T-cell activity that has been shown to be involved in the control of T-cell immune responses.

Pertuzumab is a recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody that specifically targets the extracellular dimerization domain (subdomain II) of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 protein (HER2). Pertuzumab inhibits ligand-initiated intracellular signalling through two major signal pathways, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Inhibition of these signalling pathways can result in cell growth arrest and apoptosis, respectively.

Pertuzumab and trastuzumab are recombinant humanised IgG1 monoclonal antibodies which target the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Both substances bind to distinct HER2 subdomains without competing and have complementary mechanisms for disrupting HER2 signalling. Additionally, both substances mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

Polatuzumab vedotin is a CD79b-targeted antibody-drug conjugate that preferentially delivers a potent anti-mitotic agent (monomethyl auristatin E, or MMAE) to B-cells, which results in the killing of malignant B-cells. MMAE binds to microtubules and kills dividing cells by inhibiting cell division and inducing apoptosis.

Ramucirumab is a human receptor-targeted antibody that specifically binds VEGF Receptor 2 and blocks binding of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Receptor 2 is the key mediator of VEGF induced angiogenesis. As a result, ramucirumab inhibits ligand stimulated activation of VEGF Receptor 2 and its downstream signalling components, including p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinases, neutralising ligand-induced proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells.

Retifanlimab is an immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody that binds to the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and blocks its interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. Engagement of PD-1 with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are expressed by antigen presenting cells and may be expressed by tumour cells and/or other cells in the tumour microenvironment, results in inhibition of T-cell function such as proliferation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity. Retifanlimab binds to the PD-1 receptor, blocks interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, and potentiates T-cell activity.

Rituximab binds specifically to the transmembrane antigen, CD20, a non-glycosylated phosphoprotein, located on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. The antigen is expressed on >95% of all B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.

Sugemalimab is a fully human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody. It specifically binds to programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), thus blocking its ligation with PD-1.

Tafasitamab is an Fc-enhanced monoclonal antibody that targets the CD19 antigen expressed on the surface of pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. Upon binding to CD19, tafasitamab mediates B-cell lysis. The Fc modification results in enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis.

Talquetamab is a immunoglobulin G4 proline, alanine, alanine (IgG4 PAA) bispecific antibody directed against GPRC5D and the CD3 receptor on T Cells. Talquetamab promotes enhanced T cell-mediated cytotoxicity through recruitment of CD3-expressing T cells to GPRC5D-expressing cells. Based on the expression of GPRC5D on plasma cells with minimal to no expression detected on B cells and B cell precursors, talquetamab targets multiple myeloma cells particularly.

Tarlatamab is a bispecific T-cell engager that binds to DLL3 expressed on the surface of cells, including tumor cells, and CD3 expressed on the surface of T-cells. Tarlatamab causes T-cell activation, release of inflammatory cytokines, and lysis of DLL3-expressing cells. Tarlatamab had anti-tumor activity in mouse models of SCLC.

Teclistamab is a full-size, IgG4-PAA bispecific antibody that targets the CD3 receptor expressed on the surface of T cells and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), which is expressed on the surface of malignant multiple myeloma B-lineage cells, as well as late-stage B cells and plasma cells. With its dual binding sites, teclistamab is able to draw CD3+ T cells in close proximity to BCMA+ cells, resulting in T cell activation and subsequent lysis and death of BCMA+ cells, which is mediated by secreted perforin and various granzymes stored in the secretory vesicles of cytotoxic T cells.

Tislelizumab is a humanised immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) variant monoclonal antibody against PD-1, binding to the extracellular domain of human PD-1. It competitively blocks the binding of both PD-L1 and PD-L2, inhibiting PD-1-mediated negative signalling and enhancing the functional activity in T cells in in vitro cell-based assays.

Tisotumab vedotin is a tissue factor (TF)-directed antibody drug conjugate (ADC). The antibody is a human IgG1 directed against cell surface TF. TF is the primary initiator of the extrinsic blood coagulation cascade. The small molecule, MMAE, is a microtubule-disrupting agent, attached to the antibody via a protease-cleavable linker. Nonclinical data suggests that the anticancer activity of tisotumab vedotin is due to the binding of the ADC to TF expressing cancer cells, followed by internalization of the ADC-TF complex, and release of MMAE via proteolytic cleavage. MMAE disrupts the microtubule network of actively dividing cells, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death.

Toripalimab is a recombinant humanized programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody that acts as a checkpoint inhibitor. Toripalimab is used for the treatment of melanoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Trastuzumab is a recombinant humanised IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Τrastuzumab has been shown, in both in vitro assays and in animals, to inhibit the proliferation of human tumour cells that overexpress HER2.

Trastuzumab deruxtecan is a HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate. The antibody is a humanised anti-HER2 IgG1 attached to deruxtecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor (DXd) bound by a tetrapeptide-based cleavable linker. The antibody-drug conjugate is stable in plasma. The function of the antibody portion is to bind to HER2 expressed on the surface of certain tumour cells.

Trastuzumab emtansine is a HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate which contains the humanised anti-HER2 IgG1, trastuzumab, covalently linked to the microtubule inhibitor DM1 (a maytansine derivative) via the stable thioether linker MCC (4-[N-maleimidomethyl] cyclohexane-1-carboxylate). Conjugation of DM1 to trastuzumab confers selectivity of the cytotoxic agent for HER2-overexpressing tumour cells, thereby increasing intracellular delivery of DM1 directly to malignant cells.

Tremelimumab is a selective, fully human IgG2 antibody that blocks CTLA-4 interaction with CD80 and CD86, thus enhancing T-cell activation and proliferation, resulting in increased T-cell diversity and enhanced antitumour activity. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA-4) is primarily expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes.

Zolbetuximab is a chimeric (mouse/human IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the tight junction molecule CLDN18.2. Nonclinical data suggest zolbetuximab binds selectively to cell lines transfected with CLDN18.2 or those that endogenously express CLDN18.2. Zolbetuximab depletes CLDN18.2-positive cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).