The World Health Organization's ATC classification organizes medical drugs based on therapeutic properties, chemical composition, and anatomy. It helps make essential medicines readily available globally and is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Level | Code | Title | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | N | Nervous system | |
2 | N02 | Analgesics | |
3 | N02A | Opioids | |
4 | N02AF | Morphinan derivatives |
Code | Title | |
---|---|---|
N02AF01 | Butorphanol | |
N02AF02 | Nalbuphine |
Active Ingredient | Description | |
---|---|---|
Butorphanol |
Butorphanol is a morphinan-type synthetic agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic. Butorphanol is most closely structurally related to levorphanol. Butorphanol exhibits partial agonist and antagonist activity at the ÎŒ-opioid receptor, as well as partial agonist activity at the Îș-opioid receptor (Ki = 2.5 nM; EC50 = 57 nM; Emax = 57%). Stimulation of these receptors on central nervous system neurons causes an intracellular inhibition of adenylate cyclase, closing of influx membrane calcium channels, and opening of membrane potassium channels. This leads to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane potential and suppression of action potential transmission of ascending pain pathways. Because of its Îș-agonist activity, at analgesic doses butorphanol increases pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac work. Additionally, Îș-agonism can cause dysphoria at therapeutic or supertherapeutic doses; this gives butorphanol a lower potential for abuse than other opioid drugs. |
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Levallorphan |
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Nalbuphine |
Nalbuphine is an opioid with kappa-agonistic and mu-antagonistic properties. Beside the essential agonistic (analgesic) effect nalbuphine has antagonistic effects of about a fourth of nalorfine and ten times of pentazocine. |
Title | Information Source | Document Type | |
---|---|---|---|
NALPAIN Solution for injection | Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (GB) | MPI, EU: SmPC | |
NUBAIN Solution for injection | Health Products and Food Branch (CA) | MPI, CA: SPM |