ATC Group: V03AX Other therapeutic products

Benserazide (also called Serazide or Ro 4-4602) is a peripherally acting aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, which is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier.

Carbidopa is a peripheral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor. It prevents metabolism of levodopa to dopamine in the peripheral circulation, ensuring that a higher proportion of the dose reaches the brain, where dopamine exerts its therapeutic effects. A lower dose of levodopa can be used when it is coadministered with carbidopa, reducing the incidence and severity of peripheral side effects.

Cobicistat is a mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochromes P450 of the CYP3A subfamily. Inhibition of CYP3A-mediated metabolism by cobicistat enhances the systemic exposure of CYP3A substrates, such as darunavir, where bioavailability is limited and half-life is shortened due to CYP3A-dependent metabolism.

Difelikefalin is a selective kappa opioid receptor agonist with low central nervous system penetration. The pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus is thought to be multifactorial, including systemic inflammation and an imbalance in the endogenous opioid system (e.g., overexpression of mu opioid receptors and concomitant downregulation of kappa opioid receptors). The activation of kappa opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons and immune cells by difelikefalin are considered mechanistically responsible for the antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects.

When the vapour is inhaled eucalyptus oil acts to ventilate the bronchial passages and relieve bronchitis and associated conditions. It is also a rubefacient.

The standardised ginseng extract G115 raises the general level of cellular activity, which is expressed by a pronounced increase in the physical and mental capacity.

Papain is a proteolytic enzyme extracted from the raw fruit of the papaya plant (Carica papaya). Papain catalyzes the breakdown of proteins by hydrolysis (addition of a water molecule).