Epoetin zeta Other names: Erythropoietin EPO

Epoetin zeta should be used with caution in patients with chronic liver failure. The safety of epoetin zeta has not been established in patients with hepatic dysfunction.

Since cyclosporin is bound by RBCs there is potential for a drug interaction. If epoetin zeta is given concomitantly with cyclosporin, blood levels of cyclosporin should be monitored and the dose of cyclosporin adjusted as the haematocrit rises.

An increased incidence of thrombotic vascular events (TVEs) has been observed in patients receiving ESAs. These include venous and arterial thrombosis and embolism (including some with fatal outcomes), such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, retinal thrombosis, and myocardial infarction. Additionally, cerebrovascular accidents (including cerebral infarction, cerebral haemorrhage and transient ischaemic attacks) have been reported.

The reported risk of these TVEs should be carefully weighed against the benefits to be derived from treatment with epoetin zeta particularly in patients with pre-existing risk factors for TVE, including obesity and prior history of TVEs (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and cerebral vascular accident).

In all patients, haemoglobin levels should be closely monitored due to a potential increased risk of thromboembolic events and fatal outcomes when patients are treated at haemoglobin levels above the concentration range for the indication of use.

In all patients receiving epoetin zeta, blood pressure should be closely monitored and controlled as necessary. Epoetin zeta should be used with caution in the presence of untreated, inadequately treated or poorly controllable hypertension. It may be necessary to add or increase anti-hypertensive treatment. If blood pressure cannot be controlled, epoetin zeta treatment should be discontinued.

Hypertensive crisis with encephalopathy and seizures, requiring the immediate attention of a physician and intensive medical care, have occurred also during epoetin zeta treatment in patients with previously normal or low blood pressure. Particular attention should be paid to sudden stabbing migraine-like headaches as a possible warning signal.

There may be a moderate dose-dependent rise in the platelet count within the normal range during treatment with epoetin zeta. This regresses during the course of continued therapy. In addition, thrombocythaemia above the normal range has been reported. It is recommended that the platelet count is regularly monitored during the first 8 weeks of therapy.

Epoetin zeta should be used with caution in patients with epilepsy, history of seizures, or medical conditions associated with a predisposition to seizure activity such as CNS infections and brain metastases.

There are no or limited amount of data from the use of epoetin zeta in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. Consequently, epoetin zeta should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the foetus. The use of epoetin zeta is not recommended in pregnant surgical patients participating in an autologous blood predonation.

It is unknown whether exogenous epoetin zeta is excreted in human milk. Epoetin zeta should be used with caution in nursing women. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from epoetin zeta therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.

The use of epoetin zeta is not recommended in lactating surgical patients participating in an autologous blood predonation programme.

Fertility

There are no studies assessing the potential effect of epoetin zeta on male or female fertility.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.

Epoetin zeta has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.