Megestrol Other names: Megestrol acetate

Megestrol possesses pharmacological properties similar to those of natural progesterone. Its progestational activity is slightly greater than that of medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethindrone, norethindrone acetate and norethynodrel; slightly less than that of chlormadinone acetate; and substantially less than that of norgestrel.

Megestrol acetate is a potent progestogen that exerts significant anti-oestrogenic effects. It has no androgenic or oestrogenic properties. It has anti-gonadotropic, anti-uterotropic and anti-androgenic/anti-myotropic actions. It has a slight but significant glucocorticoid effect and a very slight mineralocorticoid effect.

Peak plasma levels of tritiated megestrol acetate and metabolites occur one to three hours after oral administration. When 4 to 91mg of c-labelled megestrol acetate were administered orally to women, the major route of drug elimination was in the urine. The urinary and fecal recovery of total radioactivity within 10 days ranged from 56.6% to 78.4% (mean 66.4%) and 7.7% to 30.3% (mean 19.8%), respectively. The total recovered radioactivity varied between 83.1% and 94.7% (mean 86.2%).

Megestrol acetate metabolites, which were identified in the urine as glucuronide conjugates, were 17-alpha-acetoxy-2-alpha hydroxy-6-methylpregna-4, 6-diene-3, 20-dione; 17-alpha-acetoxy-6-hydroxymethylpregna-4, 6-diene-3, 20-dione; and 17-alpha-acetoxy-2 alpha-hydroxy-6-hydromethylpregna-4, 6-diene-3, 20-dione; these identified metabolites accounted for only 5-8% of the administered dose.

Serum concentrations were measured after the administration of single and multiple oral doses of megestrol acetate. Adult male and post-menopausal female volunteers, no more than 65 years of age participated in the study.

Megestrol acetate is readily absorbed following oral administration of 20, 40, 80 and 200 mg doses. Megestrol serum concentrations increase with increasing doses, the relationship between increasing dosage and increasing serum levels not being arithmetically proportional. Average peak serum concentrations for the four doses tested were 89, 190, 209 and 465 ng/ml.

Mean peak serum concentrations are found three hours after single-dose administration for all dosage levels studied. The serum concentration curve appears biphasic, and the beta-phase half-life is 15 to 20 hours long.

After multiple doses over a three-day period, serum levels increase each day and are estimated to reach 80% to 90% predicted steady-state levels on the third day.

Administration of megestrol acetate to female dogs for up to 7 years was associated with an increased incidence of both benign and malignant tumors of the breast. Comparable studies in rats and studies in monkeys were not associated with an increased incidence of tumors. The relationship of megestrol acetate-associated dog tumors to humans is unknown, but should be considered in assessing the benefit-to-risk ratio when prescribing Megace, and in surveillance of patients on therapy

Fertility and reproduction studies with high doses of megestrol acetate have shown a reversible feminising effect on some male rat foetuses.