Chemical formula: C₂₃H₃₀N₈O Molecular mass: 434.548 g/mol PubChem compound: 44631912
Ribociclib is a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6, resulting in 50% inhibition (IC50) values of 0.01 (4.3 ng/ml) and 0.039 μM (16.9 ng/ml) in biochemical assays, respectively. These kinases are activated upon binding to D-cyclins and play a crucial role in signalling pathways which lead to cell cycle progression and cellular proliferation. The cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex regulates cell cycle progression through phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb).
In vitro, ribociclib decreased pRb phosphorylation, resulting in arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, reduced proliferation and a senescent phenotype in breast cancer derived models. In vivo, treatment with single-agent ribociclib led to tumour regressions which correlated with inhibition of pRb
phosphorylation.
In vivo studies using patient-derived oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer xenograft model combinations of ribociclib and antioestrogens (i.e. letrozole) resulted in superior tumour growth inhibition with sustained tumour regression and delayed tumour regrowth after stopping dosing compared to each substance alone. When administered to patients ribociclib can also be immunomodulatory, decreasing regulatory T-cells and relative levels of CD3+ T-cells. Additionally, in vivo antitumour activity of ribociclib in combination with fulvestrant was assessed in immune-deficient mice bearing the ZR751 ER+ human breast cancer xenografts and the combination with fulvestrant resulted in complete tumour growth inhibition.
When tested in a panel of breast cancer cell lines with known ER status, ribociclib demonstrated to be more efficacious in ER+ breast cancer cell lines than in the ER- ones. In the preclinical models tested so far, intact pRb was required for ribociclib activity.
Serial, triplicate ECGs were collected following a single dose and at steady state to evaluate the effect of ribociclib on the QTc interval in patients with advanced cancer. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis included a total of 997 patients treated with ribociclib at doses ranging from 50 to 1 200 mg. The analysis suggested that ribociclib causes concentration-dependent increases in the QTc interval.
In patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer the estimated QTcF mean change from baseline for 600 mg ribociclib in combination with NSAI or fulvestrant was 22.0 msec (90% CI: 20.56, 23.44) and 23.7 msec (90% CI: 22.31, 25.08), respectively at the geometric mean Cmax at steady-state compared to 34.7 msec (90% CI: 31.64, 37.78) in combination with tamoxifen.
In patients with early breast cancer a similar concentration-dependent increase in the QTc interval exists. The estimated QTcF mean change from baseline is estimated to be lower in patients with early breast cancer treated with 400 mg ribociclib compared to patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer treated with 600 mg ribociclib.
The pharmacokinetics of ribociclib were investigated in patients with advanced cancer following oral daily doses of 50 mg to 1 200 mg. Healthy subjects received single oral doses ranging from 400 mg to 600 mg or repeated daily doses (8 days) at 400 mg.
The geometric mean absolute bioavailability of ribociclib after a single oral dose of 600 mg was 65.8% in healthy subjects.
The time to reach Cmax (Tmax) following ribociclib oral administration was between 1 and 4 hours. Ribociclib exhibited slightly over-proportional increases in exposure (Cmax and AUC) across the dose range tested (50 to 1 200 mg). Following repeated once-daily dosing, steady state was generally achieved after 8 days and ribociclib accumulated with a geometric mean accumulation ratio of 2.51 (range: 0.97 to 6.40).
Compared to the fasted state, oral administration of a single 600 mg dose of ribociclib film-coated tablets with a high-fat, high-calorie meal had no effect on the rate and extent of absorption of ribociclib.
Binding of ribociclib to human plasma proteins in vitro was approximately 70% and was independent of concentration (10 to 10 000 ng/ml). Ribociclib was equally distributed between red blood cells and plasma with a mean in vivo blood-to-plasma ratio of 1.04. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss/F) was 1 090 L based on population pharmacokinetic analysis.
In vitro and in vivo studies indicated ribociclib is eliminated primarily via hepatic metabolism mainly via CYP3A4 in humans. Following oral administration of a single 600 mg dose of [14C] ribociclib to humans, the primary metabolic pathways for ribociclib involved oxidation (dealkylation, C and/or N-oxygenation, oxidation (-2H)) and combinations thereof. Phase II conjugates of ribociclib phase I metabolites involved N-acetylation, sulfation, cysteine conjugation, glycosylation and glucuronidation. Ribociclib was the major circulating drug-derived entity in plasma. The major circulating metabolites included metabolite M13 (CCI284, N-hydroxylation), M4 (LEQ803, N-demethylation), and M1 (secondary glucuronide). Clinical activity (pharmacological and safety) of ribociclib was due primarily to parent drug, with negligible contribution from circulating metabolites.
Ribociclib was extensively metabolised, with unchanged drug accounting for 17.3% and 12.1% of the dose in faeces and urine, respectively. Metabolite LEQ803 was a significant metabolite in excreta and represented approximately 13.9% and 3.74% of the administered dose in faeces and urine, respectively. Numerous other metabolites were detected in both faeces and urine in minor amounts (≤2.78% of the administered dose).
The geometric mean plasma effective half-life (based on accumulation ratio) was 32.0 hours (63% CV) and the geometric mean apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was 25.5 l/hr (66% CV) at steady state at 600 mg in patients with advanced cancer. Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, the ribociclib exposure in patients with early breast cancer is expected to be slightly lower than in patients with advanced breast cancer treated with the same dose. The geometric mean apparent plasma terminal half-life (T1/2) of ribociclib ranged from 29.7 to 54.7 hours and the geometric mean CL/F of ribociclib ranged from 39.9 to 77.5 l/hr at 600 mg across studies in healthy subjects.
Ribociclib and its metabolites are eliminated mainly via faeces, with a small contribution of the renal route. In 6 healthy male subjects, following a single oral dose of [14C] ribociclib, 91.7% of the total administered radioactive dose was recovered within 22 days; faeces was the major route of excretion (69.1%), with 22.6% of the dose recovered in urine.
Ribociclib exhibited slightly over-proportional increases in exposure (Cmax and AUC) across the dose range of 50 mg to 1 200 mg following both single dose and repeated doses. This analysis is limited by the small sample sizes for most of the dose cohorts with a majority of the data coming from the 600 mg dose cohort.
The effect of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of ribociclib was assessed in a renal impairment study that included 14 healthy subjects with normal renal function (absolute Glomerular Filtration Rate [aGFR] ≥90 ml/min), 8 subjects with mild renal impairment (aGFR 60 to <90 ml/min), 6 subjects with moderate renal impairment (aGFR 30 to <60 ml/min), 7 subjects with severe renal impairment (aGFR 15 to <30 ml/min) and 3 subjects with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (aGFR <15 ml/min) at a single ribociclib dose of 400 mg.
AUCinf increased 1.6-fold, 1.9-fold and 2.7-fold and Cmax increased 1.8-fold, 1.8-fold and 2.3-fold in subjects with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment relative to the exposure in subjects with normal renal function. Since the efficacy and safety studies of ribociclib included a large proportion of patients with mild renal impairment, data from the subjects with moderate or severe renal impairment in the renal impairment study were also compared with pooled data for the subjects with normal renal function and mild renal impairment. Compared to the pooled data for the subjects with normal renal function and mild renal impairment, AUCinf increased 1.6-fold and 2.2-fold and Cmax increased 1.5-fold and 1.9-fold in subjects with moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively. A fold difference for subjects with ESRD was not calculated due to the small number of subjects, but results indicate a similar or somewhat larger increase in ribociclib exposure compared to subjects with severe renal impairment.
The effect of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of ribociclib was also assessed in advanced or metastatic breast cancer patients included in efficacy and safety studies where patients were given the 600 mg start dose. In a sub-group analysis of pharmacokinetic data from studies in 34 advanced or metastatic breast cancer patients following oral administration of 600 mg ribociclib as a single dose or repeat doses, AUCinf and Cmax of ribociclib in patients with mild (n=57) or moderate (n=14) renal impairment were comparable to the AUCinf and Cmax in patients with normal renal function (n=86), suggesting no clinically meaningful effect of mild or moderate renal impairment on ribociclib exposure.
Based on a pharmacokinetic study in non-cancer subjects with hepatic impairment, mild hepatic impairment had no effect on the exposure of ribociclib. The mean exposure for ribociclib was increased less than 2-fold in patients with moderate (geometric mean ratio [GMR]: 1.44 for Cmax; 1.28 for AUCinf) and severe (GMR: 1.32 for Cmax; 1.29 for AUCinf) hepatic impairment.
Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis that included 160 advanced or metastatic breast cancer patients with normal hepatic function and 47 patients with mild hepatic impairment, mild hepatic impairment had no effect on the exposure of ribociclib, further supporting the findings from the dedicated hepatic impairment study. Ribociclib has not been studied in breast cancer patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there are no clinically relevant effects of age, body weight or gender on the systemic exposure of ribociclib that would require a dose adjustment. Data on differences in pharmacokinetics due to race are too limited to draw conclusions.
In vitro, ribociclib is a reversible inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 and a time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4/5, at clinically relevant concentrations. In vitro evaluations indicated that ribociclib has no potential to inhibit the activities of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 at clinically relevant concentrations. Ribociclib has no potential for time-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6.
In vitro data indicate that ribociclib has no potential to induce UGT enzymes or the CYP enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 via PXR. Therefore, ribociclib is unlikely to affect substrates of these enzymes. In vitro data are not sufficient to exclude a potential of ribociclib to induce CYP2B6 via CAR.
Ribociclib is a substrate for P-gp in vitro, but based on mass balance data inhibition of P-gp or BCRP is unlikely to affect ribociclib exposure at therapeutic doses. Ribociclib is not a substrate for hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3 or OCT-1 in vitro.
In vitro evaluations indicated that ribociclib has a potential to inhibit the activities of drug transporters P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1/1B3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1 and BSEP. Ribociclib did not inhibit OAT1, OAT3 or MRP2 at clinically relevant concentrations in vitro.
In vivo cardiac safety studies in dogs demonstrated dose and concentration related QTc interval prolongation at an exposure that would be expected to be achieved in patients following the recommended dose of 600 mg. There is also potential to induce incidences of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) at elevated exposures (approximately 5-fold the anticipated clinical Cmax).
Repeated-dose toxicity studies (treatment schedule of 3 weeks on/1 week off) of up to 27 weeks' duration in rats and up to 39 weeks' duration in dogs, revealed the hepatobiliary system (proliferative changes, cholestasis, sand-like gallbladder calculi, and inspissated bile) as the primary target organ of toxicity of ribociclib. Target organs associated with the pharmacological action of ribociclib in repeat-dose studies include bone marrow (hypocellularity), lymphoid system (lymphoid depletion), intestinal mucosa (atrophy), skin (atrophy), bone (decreased bone formation), kidney (concurrent degeneration and regeneration of tubular epithelial cells) and testes (atrophy). Besides the atrophic changes seen in the testes, which showed a trend towards reversibility, all other changes were fully reversible after a 4-week treatment-free period. Exposure to ribociclib in animals in the toxicity studies was generally less than or equal to that observed in patients receiving multiple doses of 600 mg/day (based on AUC).
Ribociclib showed foetotoxicity and teratogenicity at doses which did not show maternal toxicity in the rats or rabbits. Following prenatal exposure, increased incidences of post-implantation loss and reduced foetal weights were observed in rats and ribociclib was teratogenic in rabbits at exposures lower than or 1.5 times the exposure in humans, respectively, at the highest recommended dose of 600 mg/day in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer based on AUC.
In rats, reduced foetal weights accompanied by skeletal changes considered to be transitory and/or related to the lower foetal weights were noted. In rabbits, there were adverse effects on embryo-foetal development as evidenced by increased incidences of foetal abnormalities (malformations and external, visceral and skeletal variants) and foetal growth (lower foetal weights). These findings included reduced/small lung lobes and additional vessel on the aortic arch and diaphragmatic hernia, absent accessory lobe or (partly) fused lung lobes and reduced/small accessory lung lobe (30 and 60 mg/kg), extra/rudimentary thirteenth ribs and misshapen hyoid bone and reduced number of phalanges in the pollex. There was no evidence of embryo-foetal mortality.
In a fertility study in female rats, ribociclib did not affect reproductive function, fertility or early embryonic development at any dose up to 300 mg/kg/day (which is likely at an exposure lower than or equal to patients' clinical exposure at the highest recommended dose of 600 mg/day based on AUC).
Ribociclib has not been evaluated in male fertility studies. However, atrophic changes in testes were reported in rat and dog toxicity studies at exposures that were less than or equal to human exposure at the highest recommended daily dose of 600 mg/day based on AUC. These effects can be linked to a direct anti-proliferative effects on the testicular germ cells resulting in atrophy of the seminiferous tubules.
Ribociclib and its metabolites passed readily into rat milk. The exposure to ribociclib was higher in milk than in plasma.
Genotoxicity studies in bacterial in vitro systems and in mammalian in vitro and in vivo systems with and without metabolic activation did not reveal any evidence for a genotoxic potential of ribociclib.
Ribociclib was assessed for carcinogenicity in a 2-year study in rats.
Oral administration of ribociclib for 2 years resulted in an increased incidence of endometrial epithelial tumours and glandular and squamous hyperplasia in the uterus/cervix of female rats at doses ≥300 mg/kg/day as well as an increased incidence in follicular tumours in the thyroid glands of male rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. Mean exposure at steady state (AUC0-24h) in female and male rats in whom neoplastic changes were seen was 1.2- and 1.4-fold that achieved in patients at the recommended dose of 600 mg/day, respectively. Mean exposure at steady state (AUC0-24h) in female and male rats in whom neoplastic changes were seen was 2.2- and 2.5-fold that achieved in patients at a dose of 400 mg/day, respectively.
Additional non-neoplastic proliferative changes consisted of increased liver altered foci (basophilic and clear cell) and testicular interstitial (Leydig) cell hyperplasia in male rats at doses of ≥5 mg/kg/day and 50 mg/kg/day, respectively.
The mechanism for the thyroid findings in male rats is likely to involve a rodent-specific microsomal enzyme induction in the liver which is considered to be of no relevance to humans. The effects on the uterus/cervix and on the testicular interstitial (Leydig) cells are related to prolonged hypoprolactinaemia secondary to CDK4 inhibition of lactotrophic cell function in the pituitary gland, altering the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Any potential increase of oestrogen/progesterone ratio in humans by this mechanism would be compensated by an inhibitory action of concomitant anti-oestrogen therapy on oestrogen synthesis as in humans ribociclib is indicated in combination with oestrogen-lowering agents.
Considering important differences between rodents and humans with regard to synthesis and role of prolactin, this mode of action is not expected to have consequences in humans.
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